In its literal sense as a strongly cured kipper, the term can be dated to the mid-13th century, in the poem
The Treatise by
Walter of Bibbesworth: "He eteþ no ffyssh But heryng red."
[12]
[...]
The earliest reference to using herring for distracting hounds is an article published on 14 February 1807 by radical journalist
William Cobbett in his polemical periodical
Political Register.
[11][18][10] According to Cohen and Ross, and accepted by the OED, this is the origin of the figurative meaning of red herring.
[11] In the piece, William Cobbett critiques the English press, which had mistakenly reported Napoleon's defeat. Cobbett recounted that he had once used a red herring to deflect hounds in pursuit of a hare, adding "It was a mere transitory effect of the political red-herring; for, on the Saturday, the scent became as cold as a stone."
[11] Quinion concludes: "This story, and [Cobbett's] extended repetition of it in 1833, was enough to get the figurative sense of
red herring into the minds of his readers, unfortunately also with the false idea that it came from some real practice of huntsmen."
[11]
[...] an earlier reference occurs in the pamphlet
Nashe's Lenten Stuffe, published in 1599 by the Elizabethan writer
Thomas Nashe, in which he says "Next, to draw on hounds to a scent, to a red herring skin there is nothing comparable."
[19]